For condensation to form, water (humidity in the air) and cold (climatic conditions) are required. Air can retain a certain quantity of water and the retention capacity increases with heat. The more the air is hot, the more water it can contain. Humidity can be felt but cannot be seen with the naked eye. When the hot air filled with water comes into contact with a surface colder than itself, it retracts and suddenly expels the water it contains. The water condenses on the surface and we see it appear.
The rate of humidity varies with the climate, the number of occupants and plants in the home and the activities. For example, taking a shower and cooking are activities that increase the rate of humidity in the air inside while a storm will increase the humidity outside. An average humidity rate of 30% is normal and recommended to maintain a healthy environment for the occupants and to keep the house in good shape. Often, opening the windows is enough to get rid of excess humidity and the balance returns naturally.
Windows are the thinnest surfaces between the outside and inside air. In winter, the very cold outside air makes the glass colder. When humidity comes into contact with the cold glass, it condenses, forms beads and trickles down the surface.
This normal physical phenomenon is intensified in spaces with insufficient ventilation or on low-performance windows. The latter fog up quickly, regardless of the rate of humidity of the air. On high-performance windows, condensation takes longer to form since more extreme humidity and temperatures are required such as a temperature of -20 C° (or less) outside and a rate of humidity higher than 30% inside the house. Well-insulated windows that are built to impede thermal transfers are less subject to condensation since their temperature remains closer to that inside the home rather than outside.
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